Fikih Informasi : Muhammadiyah’s Perspective on Guidance in Using Social Media

Niki Alma Febriana Fauzi, Ayub Ayub

Abstract


This paper examines a recent product of Muhammadiyah’s collective ijtihad, namely Fikih Informasi (fiqh of information). Fikih Informasi is one of the outcomes of the 30th National Meeting of Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid (Muhammadiyah’s Council of Religious Affairs). Fikih Informasi represents Muhammadiyah’s attempt to provide guidance for its members and the Muslim community at large, on a usage of social media whch is based on Islamic teachings. The term fikih is an Indonesian word adapted from Arabic word fiqh and Majelis Tarjih’s understanding of the term does not entirely resemble the classical concept of fiqh as understood by majority of Muslim jurists. For this reason, in the first instance this article will explore Majelis Tarjih’s conception of the word fikih then will proceed to examine its application in the context of social media usage. During this process, the paper will argue that Majelis Tarjih employs the term fikih in its literal and Qur’anic meaning rather than using it in its technical sense. As a result, instead of merely referring fikih as the body of legal provisions which it represents, Majelis Tarjih presents fikih as a comprehensive guidance tool, consisting of three level of hierarchically structured norms. As a consquence, Fikih Informasi is not only contains “dos and donts” but also the philosophical principles and sets of values to which users of social media should adhere. In these contexts, this paper critically discusses the limitations of Fikih Informasi, both in its framework and as well as in its content.

.

 

Makalah ini membahas produk ijtihad kolektif Muhammadiyah baru-baru ini, yaitu Fikih Informasi. Fikih Informasi adalah salah satu hasil dari Pertemuan Nasional ke-30 Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid (Dewan Urusan Agama Muhammadiyah) ke-30. Fikih Informasi mewakili upaya Muhammadiyah untuk memberikan panduan bagi para anggotanya dan komunitas Muslim pada umumnya, tentang penggunaan media sosial yang didasarkan pada ajaran Islam. Istilah fikih adalah kata Indonesia yang diadaptasi dari kata Arab fiqh dan pemahaman Majelis Tarjih tentang istilah itu tidak sepenuhnya menyerupai konsep klasik fiqh sebagaimana dipahami oleh mayoritas ahli hukum Islam. Untuk alasan ini, dalam contoh pertama artikel ini akan mengeksplorasi konsepsi Majelis Tarjih tentang kata fikih kemudian akan melanjutkan untuk memeriksa penerapannya dalam konteks penggunaan media sosial. Selama proses ini, makalah ini akan berpendapat bahwa Majelis Tarjih menggunakan istilah fikih dalam arti literalnya dan al-Qur’an daripada menggunakannya dalam pengertian teknis. Akibatnya, alih-alih hanya menyebut fikih sebagai badan ketentuan hukum yang diwakilinya, Majelis Tarjih menghadirkan fikih sebagai alat panduan yang komprehensif, yang terdiri dari tiga tingkat norma terstruktur secara hierarkis. Sebagai konsekuensinya, Fikih Informasi tidak hanya berisi “dos and don’ts” tetapi juga prinsip-prinsip filosofis dan serangkaian nilai yang harus dipatuhi oleh pengguna media sosial. Dalam konteks ini, makalah ini secara kritis membahas keterbatasan Fikih Informasi, baik dalam kerangka kerjanya maupun dalam kontennya.


Keywords


Fikih Informasi; social media; Muhammadiyah, Guidance

Full Text:

PDF

References


Allcott, Hunt and Matthew Gentzkow, “Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election”, Journal of Economic Perspective, Volume 31, Number 2 (2017).

Anwar, Syamsul, Manhaj Tarjih Muhammadiyah, Yogyakarta: Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid PP Muhammadiyah, 2018.

, Syamsul, “Teori Pertingkatan Norma dalam Usul Fikih”, Asy-Syir’ah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah dan Hukum, Volume 50, Number 1 (June 2016).

, Syamsul, Studi Hukum Islam Kontemporer, Jakarta: RM Books, 2007.

Asur, Sitaram and Bernardo A. Huberman, “Predicting the Future with Social Media”, Proceeedigs of 2010 IEEE/WIC/ACM, International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Tecnology, Volume 1, 2010.

Az-Zuhailī, Wahbah, Al-Fiqhu al-Islāmī wa Adillatuhū , Damascus : Dar al-Fikr, 1989, 14-16

Badan Pusat Statistik. "Sensus Penduduk 2010 - Penduduk Menurut Wilayah Dan Agama Yang Dianut." BPS. Accessed August 5, 2018. http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0.

Berthon, Pierre, Leyland Pitt, and Colin Campbell, “Ad Lib : When Customers Create the Ad”, California Managment Review, Volume 50, Number 4 (2008).

Brooks, Stoney, “Does Personal Social Media Usage Affect Efficiency and Well-Being?”, Computer in Human Behavior, Volume 46 (2015).

Cacciatore, Michael A., et al., “Is Facebook Making Us Dumber? Exploring Social Media Use as a Predictor of Political Knowledge”, Journalism & Mass Communication Quartelly, 2018.

Cadwalladr, Carole and Emma Graham-Harrison, “Revealed: 50 Million Facebook Profiles Harvested for Cambridge Analytica in Major Data Breach,” in https://www.goggle.co.id/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/17/cambridge-analytica-facebook-influence-us-election accessed 10/06/2018.

Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong, Programmed Visions: Software and Memory, Cambridge: Mit Press, 2011.

Curran, Kevin, Sarah Graham, and Christoper Temple, “Advertising on Facebook”, Interational oural of E-Business Development, Volume 1, Number 1 (2011).

De Ridder, Sander, “Social Media and Young People’s Sexualities: Values, Norms, and Battlegrounds”, Social Media + Society,Volume 3, Number 4 (2017).

Dijck, Jose van, The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media, New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

, Jose van and Thomas Poell, “Understanding Social Media Logic”, Media and Communication, Volume 1, Number 1 (2013).

Feener, R. Michael, Shari’a and Social Engineering: The Implementation of Islamic Law in Contemporary Aceh, Indonesia, London: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Fuchs, Christian, Social Media: A Critical Introduction, London: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England, 2014.

Garden, Kenneth, The First Islamic Reviver: Abu Hamid al-Ghazali and His Revival of the Religious Sciences, Oxford University Press, 2014.

Ghazali, Muhammad al-, Kayfa Nata‘amal ma‘a al-Qur’ān, Cairo: Nahdat Misr.

Griffin, Andrew, “Tumblr blocked in Indonesia for providing people in Muslim-majority country with access to porn”, in https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/tumblr-porn-blocked-indonesia-why-muslim-majority-country-pornography-blogging-a8242186.html accessed 12/06/2018.

Indonesia, Majelis Ulama, “Fatwa tentang Hukum dan Pedoman Bermuamalah Melalui Media Sosial”, Fatwa MUI, Number 24, Year 2017.

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim, The Right to Life, Security, Privacy and Ownership in Islam, Selangor: Ilmiah Publishers Sdn. Bhd., 2013.

Kaplan, Andreas M. and Michael Haenlein, “Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media”, Business Horizons, Volume 53, Number 1 (2010).

Kemp S., “Digital in 2018 in Southeast Asia”, We Are Soc., 2018.

Kircaburun K., et al., “Childhood Emotional Trauma and Cyberbullying Perpetration Among Emerging Adults: A Multiple Mediation Model of the Role of Problematic Social Media Use and Psychopathology”, Internationnal Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, (May 2018).

Kwak, H., C. Lee, H. Park, and S. Moon, “What is Twitter, a social network or a news media?”, Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web - WWW ’10, 2010.

Lee, Newton, Facebook Nation: Total Information Awareness, New York: Springer, 2014.

Mandiberg, Michael, The Social Media Reader, New York and London: NYU Press, 2012.

Mangold, W. Glynn and David J. Faulds, “Social Media: The New Hybrid Element of the Promotion Mix”, Business Horizons, Volume 52, Number 4 (2009).

Muhammadiyah, Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid PP, Draf Materi Munas Tarjih XXX, Yogyakarta: Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid PP Muhammadiyah, 2018.

, Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid Pimpinan Pusat, Fikih Air Perspektif Muhammadiyah, Yogyakarta: Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid & Majelis Lingkungan Hidup PP Muhammadiyah, 2015.

,Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid. "Fatwa tentang Kebolehan Wanita Menjadi Pemimpinng." Official cite of Majelis Tarjih. Accessed June 1, 2018. https://tarjih.or.id/fatwa-tentang-kebolehan-wanita-menjadi-pemimpin/

,Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid “Fikih Anak dan Konsep Fikih Baru dalam Muhammadiyah” https://tarjih.or.id/fikih-anak-dan-konsep-fikih-baru-dalam-muhammadiyah/ accessed 18/06/2018

Nisa, Eva F., “Social Media and the Birth of an Islamic Movement: ODOJ (One Day One Juz) in Contemporary Indonesia”, Indonesia and The Malay World, Volume 46, Number 134 (February 2018).

Nurdin, Nurdin, “To Research Online or Not to Research Online: Using Internet-Based Research in Islamic Studies Context”, Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, Volume 7, Number 1 (2017), 31.

O’Keeffe G. S. and K. Clarke-Pearson, “The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families,” Pediatrics, Volume 127, Number 4 (2011).

Opwis, Felicitas, “Maslaha in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory”, Islam. law Soc., Volume 12, Number 2 (2005).

Owen, Stephen, “Monitoring Social Media and Protest Movements: Ensuring Political Order Through Surveillance and Surveillance Discourse,” Social Identities, Volume 23, Number 6 (2017).

Raquib A., Islamic Ethics of Technology: An Objectives’ (Maqasid) Approach, The Other Press, 2015.

Saeed, Abdullah, Islamic Thought: An Introduction, New York: Routledge, 2006.

Shah N., P. Purayil Sneha, and S. Chattapadhyay, Digital Activism in Asia Reader, 2015.

Shāṭibī, Ibrāhīm ibn Mūsā al-, al-Muwāfaqāt, Dar Ibn Affan, 1997, I.

Shirky, Clay, “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change,” Foreign Affairs, Volume 90, Number 1 (2011).

Schacht, Joseph, "Fiḳh," in P. Berman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991.

Weimann, Gabriel, “Terrorist Migration to Social Media,” Georgetown Journal of Internatinal Affairs, Volume 16, Number 1 (2015).

Winston, Brilian, Media, Technology and Society: A History: From the Telegraph to the INTERNET, London: Routledge, 2002.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v9i2.267-293

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2019 Niki Alma Febriana Fauzi, Ayub Ayub

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies indexed by: